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Bursa B\u00fcy\u00fck\u015fehir Belediyesi K\u00fclt\u00fcr A.\u015e. taraf\u0131ndan Emir Buhari K\u00fclt\u00fcr Merkezi\u2019nde d\u00fczenlenen \u2019Yak\u0131n Tarih\u2019 okumalar\u0131 etkinli\u011fine konuk olan K\u0131rklareli \u00dcniversitesi Rekt\u00f6r\u00fc Profes\u00f6r Doktor Mustafa Ayka\u00e7, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Osmanl\u0131 ekonomisindeki iktisadi de\u011fi\u015fimi anlatt\u0131.<\/p>\n
K\u0131r\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7 gelene\u011finin ba\u015flamas\u0131nda milat oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyen Ayka\u00e7, Avrupa\u2019daki sanayi ink\u0131l\u00e2b\u0131n\u0131n en a\u011f\u0131r darbeyi Osmanl\u0131\u2019da zanaatk\u00e2ra ve bursa ipe\u011fine vurdu\u011funu s\u00f6yledi. 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n son \u00e7eyre\u011finde ba\u015flay\u0131p 19 ve 20. y\u00fczy\u0131llar\u0131 \u015fekillendiren uluslararas\u0131 ve k\u00fcresel boyutlarda etkileri olan iki \u00f6nemli geli\u015fmeye vurgu yapan Prof.Dr. Ayka\u00e7, bu geli\u015fmelerden birinin imparatorluklar\u0131n kaderini belirlemede etkili olan sonu\u00e7lar\u0131yla Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yledi. \u201cFrans\u0131z \u0130htilali\u2019nin en \u00f6nemli etkisinin \u00e7ok uluslu yap\u0131ya sahip olan devletlerin par\u00e7alanmas\u0131 sonucunu do\u011furan milliyet\u00e7ilik ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fcnyaya yaymas\u0131d\u0131r\u2019\u2019 diyen Ayka\u00e7, \u201cOsmanl\u0131 tabiiyetindeki farkl\u0131 etnik ve dini k\u00f6kene sahip milletlerin, bu ak\u0131m\u0131n etkisinde organize edilerek Osmanl\u0131 Devleti \u00fczerinde iktisadi, siyasi \u00e7\u0131karlar pe\u015finde olan \u00f6zellikle Rusya, \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa gibi devletlerin d\u0131\u015f politikalar\u0131n\u0131n edilgen bir par\u00e7as\u0131 haline getirildi\u011fini g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan S\u0131rp isyan\u0131, Yunan isyan\u0131 devam\u0131nda Ermenilerin, Rumlar\u0131n, Bulgarlar\u0131n muhtelif zamanlarda ayaklanmalar\u0131 ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k m\u00fccadelesi vermeleri d\u00f6nem i\u00e7inde Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin mali, siyasi ve askeri kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 zaafa u\u011fratan sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furan en \u00f6nemli geli\u015fmelerden olmu\u015ftur\u201d diye konu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n
19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti maddi manevi t\u00fcm kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131, \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusya\u2019n\u0131n geleneksel politikas\u0131 olan s\u0131cak denizlere inme ihtiras\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 seferber etmek zorunda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131na dikkat \u00e7eken rekt\u00f6r Ayka\u00e7, \u2018\u2019Bu y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusya, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde bor\u00e7lanma girdab\u0131na girilip mali iflas\u0131n ya\u015fanmas\u0131nda en etkili olan devletlerin ba\u015f\u0131nda gelir. 93 Harbi ise Osmanl\u0131\u2019daki iktisadi k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclmenin yeg\u00e2ne nedeni olmu\u015ftur\u2019\u2019 dedi.<\/p>\n
Osmanl\u0131 aleyhinde, d\u00f6neme karakterini kazand\u0131ran bir di\u011fer geli\u015fmenin de 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde olgunla\u015farak \u00f6nemli k\u00fcresel sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furan Sanayi \u0130nk\u0131l\u00e2b\u0131 oldu\u011funu ifade eden Prof.Dr. Ayka\u00e7, Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bu y\u00fczy\u0131lda kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 her sorunun, m\u00fccadele etti\u011fi her problemin Sanayi \u0130nk\u0131l\u00e2b\u0131 ile do\u011frudan ilgilisinin bulundu\u011funa dikkat \u00e7ekti. Rekt\u00f6r Ayka\u00e7, Sanayi \u0130nk\u0131l\u00e2b\u0131 ile Merkez -\u00c7evre \u00dclkerler aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiye y\u00f6nelik \u00f6nemli saptamalarda bulundu. Osmanl\u0131 ekonomisinin d\u0131\u015fa a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n 1838 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lan Balta Liman\u0131 Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile hayata ge\u00e7irildi\u011fini vurgulayan Prof. Dr. Mustafa Ayka\u00e7, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin bu d\u00f6nem boyunca, merkezi y\u00f6netimin g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc art\u0131rmak, orduyu ve maliyeyi g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek ad\u0131na Avrupal\u0131 devletlerin deste\u011fine ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011funu s\u00f6yledi. Ayka\u00e7, \u201cBu s\u00fcre\u00e7te 1856 Islahat ferman\u0131yla yabanc\u0131 sermaye yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131na, 1867\u2019de yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 \u00fclkesinde toprak sat\u0131n almalar\u0131na izin verilmesi, ekonominin d\u0131\u015fa a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131ran ve derinle\u015ftiren \u00f6nemli reformlar olmu\u015flard\u0131r\u2019\u2019 diye konu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n
Sanayi \u0130nk\u0131lab\u0131n\u0131n \u2018\u2019Kapitalist\u2019\u2019 bir geli\u015fme oldu\u011funa dikkat \u00e7eken rekt\u00f6r Ayka\u00e7, Osmanl\u0131 ekonomisinin d\u0131\u015fa a\u00e7\u0131lamas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan ya\u015fanan geli\u015fmelere de\u011findi. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde ekonominin d\u0131\u015fa a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n bir neticesi olarak Anadolu\u2019nun d\u0131\u015f ticaretinin 15 kat art\u0131\u011f\u0131na dikkat \u00e7eken Prof. Dr. Ayka\u00e7, Sanayi \u0130nk\u0131lab\u0131n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 ekonomisinde yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tahribat\u0131 \u015fu s\u00f6zlerle \u00f6zetledi:<\/p>\n
“Ekonominin d\u0131\u015fa a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n etkisiyle 1820\u2019den 1914\u2019e kadar Avrupa\u2019dan ithal edilen pamuklu tekstil \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin hacmi 100 kattan fazla art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. 1848 tarihinde Bursa\u2019da kadife ve saten imalat\u0131 20 y\u0131l \u00f6nceki miktar\u0131na nazaran y\u00fczde 80 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015fle y\u00fczde 20\u2019ye kadar gerilemi\u015ftir. Bursa ipek sanayinde bin tezg\u00e2h \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor iken 1848\u2019de bu rakam 75\u2019e kadar d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.”